Services We Offered

MUTUAL CONSENT DIVORCE

   Mutual Consent Divorce was brought by the Indian Parliament vide Amendment in the year 1976 in the Hindu Marriage Act. It has brought relief. We recommend that mutual divorce is a better option compared to the contested divorce. It saves time, energy, money, and avoidable toxicity.

Parties desirous of Mutual Divorce are always perplexed as to how to initiate the process, the role of court, terms, and conditions of mutual consent divorce, issues of maintenance and child custody, duration, the place of filing, and other allied questions. All your questions are answered in coming paras.


First Step towards mutual consent divorce

   Spouses should talk to each other about the future course. If both spouses reach the conclusion that marriage is not workable they should ease out the tension surrounding them. They should accept that their marriage has broken down. Forget the fear of society. Nobody knows the situation better than husband and wife themselves.

Accept that there can be agreement even in disagreement.

Custody of Children in Mutual Consent Divorce

   If there are child(ren) involved, the spouses should decide amongst themselves about Custody of children and their visitation rights. They can discuss interim custody during summer and winter vacations and other holidays. Both parents are equally competent to take custody of the children. It is the understanding and agreement between parties that prevail. Parties can have an understanding of joint custody or shared parenting in the mutual consent divorce process. This can save parents and children from avoidable suffering.

Financial Settlement in Mutual Consent Divorce

   The next important aspect is a financial settlement. There are various aspects of financial settlement which includes alimony, maintenance, house, education expenses, higher education expenses, a marriage of children, istridhan, joint investments, joint accounts and many other. As mutual consent divorce lawyers, we provide a platform for parties to discuss these issues in a calm atmosphere and reach their own solutions. We as mutual consent divorce lawyers provide different options using our vast experience in the field to bring settlement. Sometimes, emotions between spouses are running so high that logic fails.

Place of filing Mutual Consent Divorce

  • • Place where marriage had taken place
  • • Place where husband and wife last resided together.
  • • Place where the wife is residing at the time of filing of the Petition

Step by step procedure for Mutual Consent Divorce

First Motion

Once the petition for divorce by mutual consent is filed, the presence of parties is required in the Court for the recording of the statement. In the event one of the parties is unable to come, such a party can appear through power of attorney. Such power of attorney preferably should be a family member of the spouse. Once the statement is recorded, it is commonly called First Motion has been passed

Second Motion

After passing of first motion, parties are called upon to wait for six months period before moving the Petition for the second motion. This period is extendable up to eighteen months. This six months period is generally called a cooling-off period. Six months period are given to parties to think about their relationship again. It is given for reconciliation. Statement of parties is recorded by the Court. Once the statement of a minimum of six months period is recorded, the Second motion is passed by the Court. Thereafter decree of divorce is given. Marriage gets dissolved.

Waiver of Time/Cooling-off Period

This six months period can be waived by the concerned family Court upon filing an Application for a waiver of six months. Family Court has the discretion to waive off the period. Thus, a time period of six months can be waived off and may be reduced to as few as 15 days or a month or so.

During the period of six months i.e. before moving the second motion, both parties have the liberty to withdraw their consent for divorce.

NRI DIVORCE LAWYERS

   ‘NRI Divorce Lawyers’ are the need of time. 18 million Indians are living abroad. This is the highest in the world. Divorce itself is complicated. Complication compounds and aggravate when it involves the Indian Law of Divorce and Foreign Divorce and issues arising out of the same.

General Questions on NRI Divorce

  • • Can a marriage that is solemnized in India dissolved by a foreign Court?
  • • Can Indian’s living abroad file a case for Divorce in a foreign Court?
  • • Whether a decree of divorce granted by a foreign Court is valid, legal, and binding in India?
  • • Whether exparte decree of divorce as granted by the foreign Court is valid and binding in India?
  • • Can Indian Court restrain a spouse who has instituted divorce proceedings in a foreign country?
  • • Is it necessary that if a divorcee decree is obtained from a foreign Court need to validated in India by Indian Courts?
  • • What will happen to Child Custody if one spouse comes back to India?
  • • Will the foreign judgment regarding Child Custody in NRI matters enforceable in India?

Answer to aforesaid questions differs from situation to situation and case to case. basis. However, as per Indian Law as interpreted by Indian Court including the Supreme Court of India on NRI divorce issues, the settled position can be stated as under :

Mutual Consent Divorce amongst NRIs in Foreign Court

Mutual consent divorce amongst NRI granted by foreign Court will be considered as legal, valid and binding in India. Section 13 & Section 14 of the Code of Civil procedure recognizes the validity of a foreign judgment. Section 13 of CPC says that a foreign court is valid and conclusive unless it falls under any of the following six categories:-

  • • where it has not been pronounced by a Court of competent jurisdiction;
  • • where it has not been given on the merits of the case;
  • • where it appears on the face of the proceedings to be founded on an incorrect view of international law or a refusal to recognize the law of 1[India] in cases in which such law is applicable;
  • • where the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained are opposed to natural justice;
  • • where it has been obtained by fraud;
  • • where it sustains a claim founded on a breach of any law in force in 1[India].

Mutual Consent Divorce does not fall under any of the exceptions mentioned above. It is done with the consent of the parties. Consent gives jurisdiction to the Foreign Court. Hindu Marriage Act and other similar laws have provisions for mutual divorce. Therefore, it does not violate the law. The irreconcilable differences is a valid ground in India in mutual divorce. It is in conformity with the Indian law of divorce. It does not breach. Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has affirmed this issue in the classic case on the subject in Y. Narsimha case.

It is not mandatory and compulsory to obtain a declaration or ratification of mutual divorce by the Indian Court. However, it is desirable and advisable to seek a declaration from the Court in India to avoid future conflicts and explanations.

Exparte NRI Divorce by a Foreign Court

   An exparte decree of divorce granted in NRI divorce matter is not valid, legal, and binding in India. Exparte NRI divorce implies that one spouse had initiated a petition for divorce in a foreign Court. And the other party could not contest the same. Such foreign divorce is not applicable in India as it falls within the exceptions of section 13 CPC as mentioned above.

Contested NRI Divorce in a Foreign Court

   Contested Divorce is the the most intriguing aspect of NRI Divorce. Being NRI Divorce Lawyers, we have been contesting such cases in different jurisdictions across the Court. There is no definite and conclusive rule in this regard considering different scenarios and circumstances. However, we can understand the same at a broad level.

When parties contest divorce in a Foreign Court

   In this case, divorce is likely to get recognition in India. It is held that after contesting a divorce case in a foreign Courts jurisdiction and submitting to the jurisdiction, the losing party can not initiate a fresh round of litigation in India.

When parties do not contest divorce in a Foreign Court

   In this case, upon receipt of the summons, it will be appropriate for the party involved to immediately file an objection to the jurisdiction of the Foreign Court. It is equally advisable to come back to India if the summons is served in the foreign Court.

Besides the above, there are several situations and circumstances that call for NRI Divorce Lawyers’ expertise to deal and advise according to the individual circumstances of the case.

As of date, we have extensively covered various foreign jurisdictions. We worked closely with the aspect of foreign Divorce. We are fully in sync with the laws of divorce of the United States of America(USA), Germany, Australia, Canada, UAE, Singapore, United Kingdom( UK), and all major countries.

We also have achieved a unique distinction of fighting in the jurisdiction of the foreign Country. We objected to their jurisdiction. Foreign Court has recognized it does not have jurisdiction. One of the matters is widely reported in Australian Law Journals.

Our hands-on approach always helps us aligned best with our clients to foster a relationship that goes beyond the usual Advocate and client relationship. We understand the sensitivity and compassion involved in the cases.

Domestic Violence

   Domestic Violence law in India is governed by an Act of the Parliament i.e.Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. It provides variety of rights to women victim of Domestic Violence.

Such rights include claim of monetary relief, rights to residence, compensation for domestic violence, protection order, and child custody amongst other reliefs.

Domestic violence Act has come into force with objective of expeditious disposal of the claim of women who are victim of domestic violence. Domestic violence complaint is filed in the Court of Magistrate who is empowered to pass exparte orders. Domestic violence has come in to force with objective of providing economic justice and independence to women victim of domestic violence.

Domestic violence law specifically provides the right to residence. Right to residence includes in living in the shared house hold irrespective of fact whether wife has right, title or interest over the property/residence. This specific provision is inserted in Domestic Violence law to arrest the menace of abandoning the woman and children, if any, without roof and shelter in case of matrimonial disputes. DV Act also provides for alternate accommodation. Hence, law cast a mandate on the husband to provide residence to the wife. Such residence can be shared house hold where husband and wife lived together and made such house as their matrimonial house. Alternatively, law mandates husband to provide alternate residence comparable to the one previously enjoyed by the wife while living together.

Case under domestic violence law is initiated by filing a complaint detailing all events of domestic violence before the Court of magistrate. Such complaint is generally accompanied by interim application. Magistrate trying the complaint is empowered to execute summons of the case through protection officer or by the concerned police station. In dire case requiring urgent relief, court has power to grant exparte order(order in the absence of the other party). For example, wife is abandoned by the husband and she is in immediate danger of loss of roof over her head. She can approach to the Court for directions that she may not be evicted from the house rather she should be allowed to stay in the shared house hold or matrimonial home. Court under such grave circumstances is competent to pass exparte order restraining the husband or any other family member from dispossessing her from the shared house hold or matrimonial home.

Another important feature of Domestic violence law is that relief can be claimed not only against husband but also against in laws.

Earlier there were views the domestic violence complaint cannot be filed against women. Rationale behind such views was that Domestic violence is for the protection of women.

However, this controversy is set to rest by a decision of Hon’ble High Court of Delhi. Hence, complaint for domestic violence is maintainable against female or women.

Scope of law is further widened wherein it is clarified that not only wife but any other female living in domestic relationship can seek remedy. Thus, sister or mother can claim relief against son or father and/or brother for the relief.

Domestic violence law for the first time recognizes existence of legal rights to female who are not married to claim monetary relief, residence, compensation etc from her partner. In other words, women living as “live in relationship” has been given benefits, protection, right and claim under domestic violence law.

Law relating to Domestic violence has developed considerably. Yet, law is still in formative years with different judgments and case laws are evolving. We have domestic violence lawyers. Such domestic violence lawyer keep tab and updated with changing law for the successful prosecution or defense of the domestic violence complaint. Good domestic violence lawyer ensure maximum benefits to victim of domestic violence. In defense, good domestic violence lawyer ensure best strategy to counter the claim and get justice in cases of motivated domestic violence complaint.

When can we file the transfer Petition?

   Transfer Petition in Supreme Court can be filed when the case is sought to be transferred from the Jurisdiction of one High Court to another jurisdiction of another High Court. For example, the Husband had instituted a divorce case in Pune while the wife is living in Delhi. A wife can approach the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India seeking the transfer of such a divorce case from Pune to Delhi.

Similarly, a transfer Petition can be filed in the High Court. High Court will have jurisdiction to transfer the case from one District to another District over which it has jurisdiction. For example, the Husband had instituted a divorce case in Ghaziabad while the wife is living in Varanasi. A wife can approach the Hon’ble High Court of Allahabad seeking the transfer of such a divorce case from Ghaziabad to Varanasi.

Who can file the transfer petition in the Supreme Court of India in a matrimonial/divorce case?

   Generally, it is the Respondent who files Transfer Petition in the Supreme Court of India. In a divorce case, if the wife had instituted a divorce case then the husband will be the Respondent. Thus, the husband can file the transfer petition in the Supreme Court.

Types/ categories of the transfer petition in the Supreme Court

Two types of Transfer Petitions that are filed in the Supreme Court:-

  • Transfer Petition Civil: As the name suggests, when civil cases are sought to be transferred, it is called Transfer Petition Civil
  • Transfer Petition Criminal: As again as the name suggests, when Criminal cases are sought to be transferred, it is called Transfer Petition Criminal.

Step by Step Procedure of the Transfer Petition in the Supreme Court

  • Step1: Party seeking transfer Petition has to file the transfer Petition. Transfer petitions can be civil or criminal.
  • Step2: Registry of the Supreme Court scrutinizes the transfer petition. After removal of defects, if any, the matter is listed before the Bench
  • Step3: Supreme Court upon hearing issues the notice to the opposite party. Generally, in matrimonial cases, Supreme Court stays the proceedings before Lower Court until the disposal of the transfer petition.
  • Step4: Upon receipt of the notice, the Opposite party has to engage the counsel and Vankalatnama.
  • Step5: Pleadings are complete after the opposite party files Counter Affidavit and the rejoinder by the petitioner if any.
  • Step6: During the hearing, Supreme Court may refer the matter to the Mediation Center for an amicable resolution. An amicable resolution could be when parties agree upon reconciling their differences or part ways by way of a mutual consent divorce petition.
  • Step7: If mediation succeeds, the transfer petition is disposed of accordingly.
  • Step8: If mediation, Supreme Court hears the matter on merit
  • Step9: Supreme Court then decides if transfer Petition is allowed or not.
  • Step10: : If a transfer petition is allowed then the matter gets transferred from the original place where such case was pending to another place as Supreme Court may decide.

Restitution of Conjugal Rights

   It is another important remedy provided by law to the spouses. In cases, where one party leave the company and society of the other spouse, then a case for restitution of conjugal rights can be filed in the Court. The Court directs the defaulting spouse to join the company of the other spouse unless there is a strong reason justifying such withdrawal. This remedy is often used strategically in fighting matrimonial cases.

Divorce Petition Drafting

   Divorce Petition, contested divorce cases Half of the battle is won on the basis of the sound drafting of the Divorce Petition. We use all of our divorce expertise in drafting of the Petition and lay a strong foundation for the entire contested divorce case.

Divorce is a complex issue and hard core emotions are involved. Divorce is not a dispute for profit but personal battles fought in the Court. Effective drafting involves lot of care and conscious efforts need to be put in balancing the legal and personal interest of clients.

Our experience leads to one conclusion that each case is different and so are the issues involved in the divorce case. While drafting divorce Petition, it is all very important to have all issues arising out of real facts so that it should give one never ending and clinching feeling that the divorce pleading is based on true facts and is not a divorce petition template or one general standard form of Divorce Petition.

We are conscious of the laws regarding divorce and constant and perennial development related to divorce laws in India and thus drafting conforms to the legal requirements of the case.

You can rely on our experience in getting divorce Petition drafted which echoes your true emotions!!!!

ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE

   Annulment of marriage is moved on certain grounds specified in various matrimonial laws. Section 12 of the Hindu Marriage Act lays down the grounds on which petition for annulment can be filed.

Grounds for Annulment of Marriage in India

There are four broad grounds for annulment of marriage in India. They are explained below.

Marriage not consummated owing to the impotency of the Respondent

This ground of annulment of marriage is available to either of the spouse to present the petition. Husband or wife can initiate the petition for annulment against the other. Two conditions are required to be met for the purpose. They are :-

  • • Firstly, Marriage has not been consummated
  • • Secondly, Husband or wife is impotent.

Marriage is in contravention of the condition specified in section 5(ii) of the Hindu Marriage Act

Section 5 (ii) of the Hindu Marriage Act lays down three situations or grounds on which annulment can be sought. Such ground and conditions are when marriage had taken place when both parties were

  • 1. incapable of giving a valid consent to it in consequence of unsoundness of mind
  • 2. Suffering from mental disorder
  • 3. subject to recurrent attacks of insanity

Consent is obtained by fraud

In this case, party seeking annulment has to provide either of the following:

  • 1. Consent to the marriage has been obtained by fraud
  • 2. Fraud committed by the Respondent as to the nature of ceremony of marriage or any material fact or circumstances concerning the Respondent.

Law prescribes time limitation in proceeding with the annulment of marriage on the ground of fraud. Such annulment petition has to be filed with in one year of the discovery of the fraud committed by the Respondent.

Illustration: A represents her age to be 24 years to B. B proceed for the marriage. After about six months of marriage, B came to know that the real age of the A is 30 years and not 24 years. Now, B has to file the petition for annulment of marriage within one year of such disclosure.

Thereupon, family court will decide the issue wether there was such misrepresentation. The test is had B been aware of actual age of the A at the time of marriage, would he had given the consent for marriage. This is material fact concerning A.

Respondent was already pregnant at the time of Marriage

   Once a petitioner is successful in proving its case, marriage is declared null and void. Resultantly, the court considers that the marriage has not taken place at all and the tag of the ‘divorcee‘ is not attached. Annulment of marriage is very important in the scheme of matrimonial laws as there is no point in carrying the burden of divorce in cases where marriage has been solemnized on the strength of fraud or where the marriage is solemnized despite the fact that the responding spouse was already married.

We at divorce lawyers having years of service knows what it takes to bring home the case of annulment of marriage. A good divorce lawyers know how necessary facts need to be pleaded and evidence marshalled to make home the grounds for the annulment of marriage. Divorce Lawyers(DL) experince in successfully managing the same is unmatchable.We at divorce lawyers having years of service knows what it takes to bring home the case of annulment of marriage. A good divorce lawyers know how necessary facts need to be pleaded and evidence marshalled to make home the grounds for the annulment of marriage. Divorce Lawyers(DL) experince in successfully managing the same is unmatchable.

Contested Divorce

   Contested Divorce requires experience and lateral approach. Contested Divorce implies party desirous of divorce approach the concerned Family Court for the dissolution of marriage. Spouse seeking divorce has to take one of the grounds provided under the law of for contested divorce.

There are different laws dealing with contested divorce for different section of the Society. Hindu Marriage Act,1955 provides ground for divorce for Hindus which includes Sikh, Jain and Budh religion. Indian Divorce Act,1869, provides grounds for divorce for Christian. Special Marriage Act provides grounds for divorce for people married under civil law and whose marriages are registered under Special Marriage Act,1954.

Grounds for Contested Divorce

  • • Divorce on the ground of Adultery
  • • Divorce on the ground of Cruelty
  • • Divorce on the ground of Desertion
  • • Divorce on the ground of Conversion to another religion
  • • Divorce on the ground of Unsoundness of mind or mental disorder
  • • Divorce on the ground of Virulent and Incurable form of leprosy
  • • Divorce on the ground of Venereal disease
  • • Divorce on the ground of Renounce the World
  • • Divorce on the ground of Not heard for a period of seven years or more

Beside above, there are couples of additional grounds for contested divorce available only to female.

APPROACH

   Every case has its own unique situation and circumstances. Every individual is different from the other. So are there experiences. In our journey of now close to two decades, we have seen, met and dealt with thousands of contested divorce cases. We have followed and improved our ability to gel and aligned with view point of spouse seeking or defending contested divorce. This approach helps us to present the case as you suffered and faced during your matrimony. We being aware and abreast of changing nuances of law and the Court rooms, present the case accordingly. As lawyers, we adopt this approach but never abandon duty to engage in the objective manner considering your ultimate interest at the core of the approach. We know the importance. Lives are stake. We take up the responsibility with commitment and sincerity. We try to do complete justice in the journey.

COMMON GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE

   We found that bulk of contested divorce cases are filed on the ground of CRUELTY, DESERTION & ADULTERY.

Lets briefly understand, it basic meaning in the context of a contested divorce case

  • Cruelty : This phrase is not defined under the law. As a matter of fact, it can not be defined. Its a relative term that changes from one individual to another. This term need to be understood from the context of parties involved, their education and background. What may be a cruelty to one may not be for the other. Generally speaking, it is such a behaviour of other spouse that makes it difficult or improbable for the other spouse to be reasonably expected to live with such spouse. There are several judgements that has been passed which has evolved the concept of cruelty as a ground for divorce. Samara Ghosh judgement given by the Hon’ble Supreme Court has laid a list though not exhaustive covering major aspect of cruelty.
  • Desertion : It implies a continuous separation for a period of two years before filing the petition for divorce on the ground of desertion. But mere separation it self does not means desertion. It is further to be shown that the other spouse have abandoned the relationship without any justifiable reason.And also importantly, Spouse seeking divorce has made efforts to reconcile and bring back the spouse. Desertion involves an intention on the part of the spouse leaving the matrimony with intention of not joining or resuming the matrimony.
  • Adultery : It simply means that the spouse against whom charges are made has indulged into a physical relationship with a person other than the spouse. Law calls upon for strict evidence in this regard. There is a difference between involvement in a relationship with another person and committing adultery. Involvement in a relationship without evidence of adultery may bring home the case of divorce on the ground of cruelty.

CONTESTED DIVORCE PROCEDURE

  • • Contested Divorce proceedings commences with filing of Divorce petition. Family Court causes a notice to be served on the opposite party for appearance.
  • • On receipt of summons, opposite party has to appear in person and/or through divorce lawyer and file the response.
  • • Court may try to resolve the differences between parties to start with by conducting conciliation or sending the matter to counselor/mediation center. If there is no settlement between parties, divorce case proceeds as per procedure.
  • • Once initial allegation and response and counter allegations process are over, which is called pleading, case is set up for evidence after determining issues of controversy between parties.
  • • Party initiating contested divorce has to start with the evidence first. Other party is given a chance to cross examination witness/es of the opposite party.
  • • After that responding party i.e. Respondent has to lead evidence. Similarly, cross examination process is conducted by the divorce lawyer of opposite side.
  • • After conclusion of evidence, Final arguments are advances by divorce lawyers from both sides.
  • • Then the court pronounces judgement. If party initiating divorce is able to prove the case, Family Court/Civil Court will grant the decree of Divorce.

Contested divorce requires expert divorce lawyers either in prosecuting or defending divorce case. Such expert divorce lawyer guides, strategize and plan the whole action. Effective planning by divorce lawyers increases the probability of success in the trial of the contested divorce.

Contested Divorce is a long process requiring thorough professional work and approach. Good Divorce lawyers take through these challenging and arduous task with expertise and credibility being your counsel through turbulent and emotional time.

Contested Divorce is challenging in terms of time too. We have learnt the process of the early disposal of the case by engaging into different ways and means. We can reduce the normal time without expertise and experience.

DIVORCE, ANNULMENT, CHILD CUSTODY : Issues Amongst NRIs, Indian’s Living Abroad

   Divorce itself is complicated. Complication compounds and aggravate when it involves Indian Law of Divorce and Foreign Divorce and issues arising out of the same.

General questions that arise from such situation can be summed up as “Can a marriage which is solemnized in India dissolved by foreign Court? Can Indian’s living abroad (for eg US) file a case for Divorce in foreign Court say US Court ??? Whether a decree of divorce granted by foreign Court say US Court is valid, legal and binding in India?? Whether an exparte decree of divorce granted by foreign Court, say US court, will be valid and binding in India? Can Indian Court restrain a spouse who has instituted divorce proceedings in foreign country?? Can a person file for divorce in foreign country (say US Court)? Is it necessary that if a divorcee decree is obtained from foreign Court( say US Court) need to validated in India by Indian Courts.

Answer to aforesaid questions differs from situation to situation and case basis. However, as per Indian Law as interpreted by Indian Court including the Supreme Court of India on NRI divorce issues, settled position can be stated as under :

Mutual Consent Divorce amongst NRIs, etc: Generally a mutual consent divorce granted by foreign Court is considered as valid, legal and binding in Indian Courts by virtue of section 13 and 14 of Code of Civil Procedure and also on account of comity of Nations. Such decree of divorce granted by foreign Courts need not to be validated in Indian Courts. However, as a matter of abundant precaution, one can approach to the Indian Court for declaring that divorce is valid and binding.

Contested Divorce in foreign Court can be valid and binding depending upon on the below equation:

Matter is contested by both spouses in foreign Court.

Matter is uncontested in foreign Court and one spouse comes back to India(Generally wife) In the event, matter is contested between parties in foreign Court-say US Court, and after due adjudication and trial, divorce is granted by the foreign Court, same will be valid and binding in India. However, it is necessary to be kept in mind that ground which parties seek to obtain divorce should also be available in India.

In case matter is uncontested, one party comes back to India where marriage had taken place and contest proceedings in India, divorce as granted by foreign Court will not be applicable in India. Party which comes back also has an option of filing a case in India to prevent the other spouse from proceeding in foreign Court. Indian Court has jurisdiction over its citizen. Ex-parte decree of Divorce granted by foreign Court will not be recognized by Indian Court.

Other issues like child custody and maintenance goes by the same principal. In Child Custody cases, special care and circumstances are always taken care of and the principal as explained above may vary. However, universal principal remains constant in guiding the issue of the child custody by any Court in India or foreign Court is the welfare of the child. Welfare of the child depends upon variety of factor.

NRI DIVORCE LEGAL SUPPORT SERVICE

Our unique, efficient and adept handling of divorce and annulment cases related to NRI over more than a decade has made as a natural choice for representing NRI divorce cases in India.

Our unique NRI legal support services s now include following additional services beside litigation and representation in India. They are as under:

  • • Service of Summons in India as per Hague Convention. India is a signatory to Hague Convention.
  • • Legal Support to foreign Individuals, Attorneys and lawyers involving Indian Divorce and Family Law.
  • • Expert Legal Opinion on Divorce, Annulment, Alimony, and financial settlement to US Attorneys, Law Firms and Individuals.
  • • Expert Legal opinion on Divorce and Family Law along with readiness to appear in person or through video conference as an Expert witness in Foreign Courts involving conflict of Indian and foreign Laws.

498 A | Dowry | Anticipatory Bail

   498A |Dowry| Anticipatory Bail are part and parcel of a matrimonial dispute. Let us understand the meaning and implementation part of 498A, Dowry & Anticipatory bail in the same context.

498A IPC:

   498 A was inserted into criminal law to prevent the social evil of dowry. Its main objective was the eradication of dowry in the Indian social set up. 498A IPC made demand of dowry by the husband or his relative a criminal offence. It covers action of demand of dowry and cruelty met out to the wife. Cruelty is incorporated in a broad and liberal sense. Cruelty can be mental or physical. Law prescribes three years maximum punishment for the offence.

Section 498A in The Indian Penal Code

498A Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.

Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished ¬ with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation For the purpose of this section, Cruelty means

  • • Any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or
  • • Harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.

USE & MISUSE OF 498A IPC

   Law regarding criminalising offence of dowry was made with correct intent and for a larger social objective. In the initial days of the passing of law, First Information Report(FIR) used to be registered instantly upon the complaint of the wife. There used to be imminent threat of arrest of person agains whom allegations are levelled in the Complaint by wife. Such person usually included husband, father in law, mother in law, sister in law. In some case, extended family members are also made accused. Balance in the society was being tried to achieve with the intervention of the State in Family matter. Law has brought chilling effect on the offender.

But, after few years, law had started to be misused as much as it was used. In view of the misuse, many people suffered through Jail. Person accused of the offence had recourse to the Justice system by seeking Anticipatory Bail. Even getting Anticipatory Bail was not easy.

In view of striking balance between use and misuse, it became mandatory that mediation and counselling between the complainant wife and her husband and his family members are done. Objective was to ensure that institution of marriage should not collapse. And general disputes between husband and wife or in laws does not lead to immediate arrest.

Dowry still remains a reality in the Indian Society in many way even today. And thus need to balance remain. Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has laid down guidelines from time to to ensure that the false complaints or misuse of 498A is dealt adequately. Comprehensive guidelines were laid down in the case of Arnesh Kumar versus State of Bihar in the year 2014. Many says that law to curb the menace of dowry has been diluted. Many see it as a welcome step to prevent the misuse. Both point of view has its own merits and demerits.

How to lodge a Complaint for Dowry

   Complain for Dowry or 498A can be lodged before concerned Crime Against Women Cell( CAW), Women Cell, Mahila Thana as existing against the husband and his family members who have committed offence Upon the receipt of the complaint of harassment, husband and her family members are summoned before the concerned Authority.

Firstly, efforts are made to counsel parties to reconcile their differences. Preservation of marriage is always considered as a priority.

Secondly/ alternatively, upon failure of efforts of reconciliation, parties are counselled for amicable resolution of their dispute by agreeing for mutual consent divorce on terms and conditions as mutually agreeable to both sides.

Consequent upon failure of both possibilities, complaint is referred for the registration of FIR.

Anticipatory Bail in Dowry/498A

   Husband and his family may be required to seek anticipatory bail against the offence of 498A/Dowry. Such anticipatory bail application are filed before the Court of Session judge as a normal practice though High Court has concurrent Jurisdiction. Anticipatory bail are decided by the Court as according to the merits of each case.

Investigation Authority ie Police is also mandated to bound down the accused by taking undertaking under section 41 A of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.P.C.). Use of 41 A is necessitated since guidelines are laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Arnesh Kumar as mentioned above.

Police is required to file chargesheet after investigation of the case. Thereafter, matter goes to the Court(Mahila Court) where the process of cognisance, summoning, charge and trial takes place.

MAINTENANCE LAW IN INDIA: PROCEDURE FOR MAINTENANCE

Introduction to Maintenance

   This is an integral part of all matrimonial proceedings. Application for maintenance can be moved by either of the spouses who do not have sufficient means to maintain him/her self. Maintenance can also be classified into two parts:

Interim Maintenance

   Such maintenance is provided during the pendency of the case in the court. The underlying idea behind giving such maintenance is that one party should not lose and stand on a weaker footing at the time of contesting the case. Quantum of such maintenance is dependent on a variety of factors but the most important aspect is the status of the parties prior to the filing of the case and the income/salary of the spouse against whom such maintenance is claimed. The court always tries to bring both the party at equal platform and footing.

Permanent Maintenance

   It is awarded at the time when the whole case is finally decided. It could be periodical or monthly depends upon the facts and circumstances of the case.

LAWS GOVERNING MAINTENANCE CASE

There are various laws that govern the aspect of maintenance in India. Such laws are under:

  • • Section 125 Cr.P.C Maintenance
  • • Section 24 Hindu Marriage Act
  • • Section 18 Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act
  • • Provisions under the Domestic Violence Act

Each case and situation calls for initiating a proceeding under any one of the above law. At times, claim for maintenance is filed under more than one law. Thus, the petitioner can file a claim for maintenance under more than one provision like under section 125 Cr.P.C as well as under section 24 of the Hindu Marriage Act. Practically speaking, the law is settled that the Petitioner would be entitled for higher maintenance if two courts have passed different amounts towards maintenance to the wife. But, the wife will not be entitled to have a maintenance of total sum from two courts. Thus, Court in 125 Crp.C proceedings grants 20,000 rupees while in proceedings under section 24 grants 15000 per month then wife will be entitled to have Rs.20,000 and not 35000 per month. The higher amount is to be paid and not cumulative.

WHO CAN FILE A CASE FOR MAINTENANCE

A case for maintenance in the matrimonial matter can be filed by:-

  • • wife for herself
  • • Wife for children
  • • Children

WHERE CAN I FILE A CASE OR CLAIM FOR MAINTENANCE

  • • Under section 125 Cr.P.C
  • • Under Hindu Marriage Act
  • • Under the Domestic Violence Act

Under section 125 Cr.P.C

  • • Place where the wife is residing
  • • Place where Respondent is residing

Under Hindu Marriage Act

An application under section 24 HMA can be filed only where proceedings for Divorce/Judicial Separation/ Restitution of Conjugal rights are pending.

Under the Domestic Violence Act

  • • Place where complainant herself resides either permanently or temporarily
  • • Place of work of the complainant either business or employment
  • • Place where Respondent resides or carries on business or works
  • • Place where the cause of action had taken place

What are the factors considered by the Court while granting the maintenance?

There are several factors that are considered by the Court while granting maintenance. They are listed below. Notably. this list is only indicative and not exhaustive.

  • • The income of the husband
  • • The income of the wife, if any
  • • Background and status of parties
  • • Movable and immovable properties
  • • Life style
  • • Education
  • • Investments
  • • Expenditure on household
  • • Expenditure towards education and School of the children
  • • Age of dependent children
  • • Model of Car being used
  • • Mode of travel

Is there any formula on the basis of which maintenance is calculated?

   There is no fixed formula to determine maintenance in India. It is difficult to lay. Recently, the Supreme Court said that it should be at least 25 % of the income of the husband. Also, often formula as laid Annurita case is applied that says that earning members will be entitled to one extra portion of himself after equal appropriation of the income amongst all family members. It would be safe to say that maintenance may vary can be from a lower range of 25 percent to about 35 percent of the income.

What documents are required to be filed by parties in a case for maintenance?

   Both parties are required to give financial disclosure of their assets and liabilities. Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in Rajnesh versus Neha made it mandatory for both spouses to file their respective affidavit of income detailing all sources of income, expenditure, liabilities, etc. Both husband and wife are required to furnish the following documents amongst others:

  • Salary Slips (of six months)
  • Income tax return of three years
  • FORM 16/COST TO COMPANY(CTC)
  • Bank accounts statement of three years(All bank accounts)

We at Divorce Lawyers have been successfully prosecuting as well defending a claim for maintenance. We believe that the determination of maintenance decides the course of the litigation as well as its pace and longevity. Therefore, being top maintenance lawyers, we have polished nuances to deal with complex issues of determination of maintenance. The art of practical advocacy as top maintenance lawyers are being practiced and implemented every day in and out. This results in our huge success in matrimonial law.

Judicial Separation

   Judicial Separation is generally a step towards divorce. Section 10 of the Hindu Marriage Act provides grounds for judicial separation. It is akin to grounds for divorce.

Grounds, process and procedure for Judicial Separation is same as in case of contested divorce. You may read www.divorcelawyers.co.in/live/area-of-practice/contested-divorce for easy understanding.

On successfully proving case for judicial separation by party initiating the process, Court passes decree of judicial separation. It implies that party may live separately.

Standard of proof in case of judicial separation is lesser in degree as compared to contested divorce.

Judicial Separation provides ground for divorce in the event of no cohabitation between spouses in a period of one year after the passing of decree of judicial separation.

It is also permitted subject to the approval of the Court that at appropriate stage, on application by the party filing case of judicial separation to convert to divorce. Timing of such application is a vital factor.

Counseling and Mediation

   Matrimonial disputes are related with emotions, feelings, ego, and psychological reasons. You would not deny that most difficult thing is to predict the nature and behavior of other human being. We all have tendency of assuming that what we are doing and thinking is correct while others are not doing right. Although, some time we try to rationalize things or making it logical. We pretend to be good listener but we are listening to counter other to score a goal to boost our inflated ego. We are not listening to listen other’s point of view. That may help us in resolving issue. Why don’t we accept we are imperfect human beings?

Relationship can work more positively if we understand the perception of our spouse. Some time such basic things are ignored by us. AT THIS TIME, there is a need of a Counselor or mediator. Such counselor or mediator has no concern or interest with either of the spouse. Such counselor or mediator can understand your problem objectively. They can suggest practical ways to resolve issues and understand the perception of each other. Counselor and mediator may act as a miracle and save the most beautiful relationship of “marriage”.

There may also be cases wherein it is manifestly clear that relationship of husband and wife will not work. Spouses have deep abhorrence against each other for variety of reasons. At those juncture, after fully understanding the impossibility of reconciliation, counselor or mediator would recommend for divorce.

It is entirely into hand of spouses that they understand the fact that divorce is the best remedy in their larger future interest. They can work out their divorce in such scenario in easier manner. Spouses can reach to amicable settlement. Every issue can be resolved by talking. Let the talk to Walk!!! Tough decisions like child custody and visitation rights can be discussed. Mediator or counselor would take care of your decision and facilitate in reaching solution. You would not imagine that you have planned your divorce and worked out in very positive atmosphere to reach to Amicable Settlement.

You are saved from acrimonious litigation saving time, cost and energy. You walk out with held high and can still have healthy relationship.

Thus mediation can work wonders. You are solving your own problem with the intervention of counselor or mediator. As we say, live happily or part amicably!!!

CHILD CUSTODY LAW : COMPLETE PROCEDURE

   Child Custody Law & Complete Procedure is dealt in the present write up. Child Custody cases involves both parents involved in a matrimonial dispute to establish that one is better than the other. Allegations are levelled to score over each other. Most forgotten questions in such allegations are the presentation of facts to establish that how action of each parent will serve the best interest and welfare of the child(ren).

Legal regime regarding child custody cases and law have shaped over the years. There has been continuous efforts to bring the focus on the need and welfare of the child by way of various pronouncement. Our experience tells us the best outcome lies when both parents consent to an arrangement regarding children in the manner that it advance the cause of holistic growth of the child.

Laws dealing with a child custody case can be divided under following :.

Laws Governing Child Custody in India

In India, child custody cases are governed under following law.

  • • Guardian and Wards Act, 1890
  • • Section 26 of HMA
  • • Section 21 of the Domestic Violence Act
  • • Article 32/226 of Constitution of India in exceptional cases

Place of Filing a Child Custody case in India

   Child custody cases are filed in the jurisdiction of the family court/competent court where minor child ordinarily resides. For example, father is living in Mumbai. Mother is living in Delhi along with minor child. If father wants to file Child Custody, he has to file the same only in Delhi. Thus, family court or concerned competent court shall have the exclusive jurisdiction over the child custody case to the exclusion of all other courts.

Key Factors & Grounds while deciding the Child Custody cases in India

   All courts seized of child custody cases are duty bound to consider welfare of the minor child or children as the case may be. Parent seeking child custody has to prove that interest and welfare of the child shall be protected by him/her much better than the respondent/ opposite party.

Following are the broad parameters that court considers while deciding the issue of child custody:-

  • • Child’s proximity, closeness and love for the parent
  • • whether uprooting of the child from one parent to another will be adverse to the interest and welfare of the child
  • • Educational qualification of respective spouses and of their immediate respective family members.
  • • Wishes of the minor child, if he can form opinion on his own
  • • Financial status of parties(Not too predominant as generally believed upon)
  • • Performances and achievements in curricular and co-curricular activities
  • • Overall behaviour and conduct of parties

Procedure to file the Child Custody cases in India

   A petition for child custody or declaration regarding appointment of natural or legal guardian of minor starts child with the filing of the petition by the spouse seeking child custody. Notably, in child custody cases non-custodial parent seeks the custody/guardianship of the minor child. Such petition usually takes longer time and thus application for Interim or Temporary custody as well as Visitation Rights are also filed by the Non-custodial parent.

  • • VISITATION RIGHTS Visitation Rights implies regular meeting of the minor child with the non-custodial parent. General duration of visitation rights varies from 1-4 meetings per month.
  • • INTERIM CUSTODY Interim Custody implies generally overnight custody or long hours of custody for a defined period to the non-custodial parent with undertaking to restore the custody of the child upon completing the defined time by handing the child back to the Custodial parent.

Custodial parent is required to give response to the petition following which evidence are led by both parents. After closure of evidence of by both parents and their respective witnesses, if any, follows with final arguments and consequent judgement.

HABEAS CORPUS & CHILD CUSTODY CASES

   In certain situation and exigencies , a writ petition under article 32 of the Constitution of India can be filed in the Supreme court or under article 226 of the Constitution of India can be filed. Such exceptional situation would include following:

  • • When one parent unlawfully take the child(ren) from the custody of other parent or
  • • unlawful retention of the custody of the children by the other parent or
  • • When Custody of the child granted by a foreign court but the father or the mother, as the case may be, has taken the child out of the jurisdiction of that foreign Court or the country.

Such petition is filed in nature of Writ of Habeas corpus for the custody of the child. It is filed for the expeditious determination of the issue. It is not a full fledged child custody petition but having limited jurisdiction. However, Supreme Court or High Courts are vested with extra ordinary powers/jurisdiction to determine the issue to meet the urgency. General approach of High Court or Supreme Court is to direct parties to approach the Family Court to pursue their remedy(ies). However, there are no dearth of cases when Supreme Court or High Court has exercised to decide the issue on the custody of children. We have seen Supreme Court or High Courts passing urgent directions to meet the exigency of the situation.

Habeas Corpus Petition in the child custody cases are often filed when a foreign country grants custody to the spouse living abroad.

How much time does it take for deciding the child custody cases

Timing of filing such petition is utter importance. Delay is to to be avoided.

Key Points in a child custody case

  • • Child custody cases are emotionally taxing for parties, concerned counsels, as well as the Judge(s).
  • • Generally, the age of majority is eighteen years and in some cases it is twenty-one years.
  • • Nowadays courts often take the helps of experts such as counsellors, psychologist or other specialist dealing with issues of child custody.
  • • It is extremely interesting to note that all judgements that attain finality bound parties with the final outcome. However, the decision or the judgements of child custody cases are never final. It is a departure from the general law. To explain further, Custody of Child has been awarded by judgement or by mutual consent to one of the parent. However, the welfare of the child is prejudiced by the acts and omission of the custodial parent then non-custodial parent can file child custody petition to reclaim the custody on the basis of change of circumstances demonstrating to the Court that Custodial parent is acting contrary to the interest and welfare of the child(ren).

Conclusion

   Our expert and top Child Custody lawyers back with incomparable experience understand the legal nuances, emotionally challenging situation, and complexities involved in cases create best solution and practical approach to achieve the objective of the contesting parents.

Our Child Custody lawyers have won most difficult and complicated issues in India or matters involving NRI child custody cases having cross jurisdiction issues.

Children requires protection and support. There is a deep scar in the life of children if issues pertaining to custody of children are not dealt with extreme sensitivity and being conscious of the psychological impact of such disputes over the child(ren).

Win the child!